新加坡六合彩开奖

新加坡六合彩开奖 prides itself on its appreciation of diversity, and rightly so: the college has the most diverse student body of any two-year school in Washington and has worked hard to build an increasingly diverse faculty and staff.

The college annually observes Martin Luther King Jr. Week, Unity Through Diversity Week, LGBT Awareness Month, Asian Pacific Islander Month and more, marking those occasions with lectures, discussions and other activities. And students earning an Associate of Arts degree are required to take at least one course that qualifies as Diversity and Global Studies.

But the school has not gone entirely without confrontations and difficulties. Occasionally, we hear about the destruction of a group鈥檚 signs, the appearance of racist graffiti or other indications of intolerance. And occasionally a group will make a public stand when its members feel that they are not being treated appropriately. Two memorable confrontations took place at 新加坡六合彩开奖in 1968, both involving African-American students and both ultimately helping to shape the development of Highline鈥檚 institution-wide respect for diversity.

Historians of post鈥揥orld War II America would not be at all surprised that 1968 was a year of unrest at Highline. It was certainly a year of crisis for the United States. Every month seemed to bring the country some new surprise, disappointment, horror or protest, and college campuses were frequently the scenes of turmoil.

On January 23, the United States was embarrassed and angered by North Korea鈥檚 seizing of the spy ship USS Pueblo. Just one week later, the Tet Offensive, carried out by North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnamese and American installations in the south, seemed to prove that the United States could not win in Vietnam and that the nation鈥檚 political and military leaders had intentionally misled us about our prospects there.

At the end of March, weighed down by the difficulties of the war as well as domestic problems, President Lyndon Johnson withdrew from the presidential campaign. A few days later, on April 4, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, and America鈥檚 cities erupted in violence. With the nation still reeling from King鈥檚 murder, Robert Kennedy was assassinated in early June, having just won the California presidential primary to become the Democratic frontrunner.

August brought not only the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia but also the Democratic convention in Chicago, known for police violence against protesters. By the end of the year, Richard Nixon had been elected president, promising law and order in the United States and peace with honor in Vietnam. Neither promise would be fulfilled quickly or completely.

Tensions that must have been simmering for some time came to a boil at local colleges and universities, including Highline, in the spring.

The first moves were made at the University of Washington. The newly formed Black Student Union (BSU) helped to establish similar organizations at local high schools and middle schools, participated in a sit-in at Franklin High School (resulting in the arrest and incarceration of several BSU leaders), and founded the Seattle chapter of the Black Panther Party. ^[1]

On May 6, 1968, the BSU sent UW president Charles Odegaard a letter describing the UW as a 鈥渞acist institution,鈥� outlining a number of grievances, and making five demands:

1. All decisions, plans, and programs affecting the lives of black students must be made in consultation with the Black Student Union. …
2. The Black Student Union should be given the financial resources and aids necessary to recruit and tutor non-white students. …
3. We demand that a Black Studies Planning Committee be set up under the direction and control of the Black Student Union … to develop a Black Studies Curriculum that objectively studies the culture and life-style of non-white Americans. …
4. We want to work closely with the administration and faculty to recruit black teachers and administrators.
5. We want black representatives on the music faculty.^[2]

By Thursday, May 9, Odegaard had responded, indicating his willingness to work with the BSU to establish a 鈥渕echanism for consultation鈥� that would allow the organization to give advice as the university moved forward. ^[3] The first step in creating that mechanism was a meeting held on Monday, May 13, between Odegaard and the BSU. Although that meeting was initially described as 鈥渆ncouraging,鈥� by the end of that week, the BSU was demanding $50,000 to fund the Black Studies Program. When the money was not forthcoming, BSU members and supporters staged a sit-in at the Administration Building. ^[4]

In the meantime, students at 新加坡六合彩开奖were following the lead of the UW鈥檚 BSU. On Monday, May 13, the same day as the meeting between Odegaard and the BSU, members of Highline鈥檚 Afro-American Society, a student group so new to the college that it had not yet been formally recognized as a campus organization, gave college president Melvin A. 鈥淧at鈥� Allan a list of five demands 鈥� and a five-day deadline for his response. These demands were precisely the same as those submitted to Odegaard, with the substitution of 鈥淎fro-American Society鈥� for BSU. ^[5]

Although Allan, like Odegaard, must have been a bit miffed by the ultimatum and its attendant deadline, he nevertheless responded in respectful but firm tones on May 17, just four days later. In his reply, he assured the Afro-American Society that he valued its input as he did the 鈥渃omments, suggestions, and recommendations of all registered students.鈥�

鈥淵our help in the solution of the problems you identify,鈥� he continued, 鈥渃an be of great value to you, your fellow students of all races, and to this community college.鈥� Allan also asked the instructional deans and division chairs to meet with 鈥渞epresentatives of the Afro-American Society and with other student groups [that] request to be heard鈥� to develop curriculum focused on 鈥渢he history, culture, lifestyle, and needs of non-white Americans.鈥� Finally, he reminded the students that some things were not negotiable:

It should be made clear, however, that certain areas of decision are assigned by law to the Trustees and to the President. These cannot be delegated. Certain other areas are by law or regulation reserved to the faculty and the recognized student government of the College. These authorities will be maintained. ^[6]

In short, he was willing to allow the Afro-American Society to have input, in common with other students and student groups, but he was not willing to turn over the keys to the college.

On May 21, President Allan and Reid Hale, chairman of Highline鈥檚 Board of Trustees, met with representatives of the Afro-American Society. In the words of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, they reached 鈥渁greement on several areas of future action regarding a black-studies program and recruitment of Negro teachers and administrators.鈥� ^[7]

Dialogue between 新加坡六合彩开奖administrators and the Afro-American Society would continue, and as the academic year came to an end that June, it appeared that the school had managed to avoid the kinds of conflict that had arisen at Franklin High School, the UW, and some of the other area colleges. But the following fall quarter was not even a month old before an incident would occur to shatter the peace.

The October 18, 1968, issue of the Thunder Word (the newspaper title was still treated as two words then) included a horoscope section that was intended to be satirical. For example, the entry for Taurus read: 鈥淭ell the boss his breath stinks and he鈥檒l finally fire you. He would have fired you anyway 鈥� your breath stinks too. Besides, you鈥檙e a lousy worker.鈥� Several of the items, however, could easily have given offense. Aquarius read: 鈥淵ou are black, Jewish or a hippie. Don鈥檛 go to the super market. This is a bad week for White-Anglo-Saxon-Protestant- middle class insurrection.鈥�

But the item that sparked the greatest reaction was the 鈥渉oroscope鈥� for Sagittarius. 鈥淎 terrible fate will befall you this week,鈥� it predicted. 鈥淵ou will walk through the Central District. Need I say more?鈥� ^[8]

The author, Thunder Word editor John Nelson, did not need to say more. The Central District was Seattle鈥檚 main black neighborhood. The insult was clear to Highline鈥檚 African-American students, many of whom lived in the Central District, and they were not about to let it go unchallenged.

The first step taken by the renamed Afro-American Union (or AAU, still called the Afro-American Society in some sources) was to ask Nelson for a retraction and a public apology. ^[9] AAU president Harrison Allen III and AAU officer Steve Tolliver met with him three times, but Nelson refused to issue an apology, saying that incidents that had happened either to him or to his friends justified his characterization of the Central District.

The next step was to hold a forum on campus at which the Afro-American Union explained the reasons for the organization鈥檚 strong reaction against the statement. When Nelson spoke at the forum, he vowed that he would not apologize, and the audience, mostly white students, applauded. Harrison Allen later observed:

The Afro-American Union recognized the seriousness of the situation. Either Mr. Nelson was deliberately using the influence of his office to impair the black and white student relationship or, if he were acting without willful malice, his conduct exposed him [as] a barrier to racial amity on campus and in community relations. Clearly, then, the interests of racial amity required that Mr. Nelson be relieved of the office of editor. ^[10]

The AAU pursued Nelson鈥檚 dismissal, but neither the paper鈥檚 faculty adviser Betty Strehlau nor Dean of Students Jesse Caskey nor President Allan would take that step. Feeling that they had exhausted all options available to them through normal channels, AAU members decided to resort to the strategy that had been used at Franklin High School, the University of Washington, and at lunch counters across the South: a sit-in.

On October 31, 20 to 30 (accounts vary) black students led by Afro-American Union officers entered the newspaper office, which also served as the journalism classroom. ^[11] Editor John Nelson was working in the room and was told to resign his position or leave the room within one minute. He left the room. He then informed Dean Caskey what had happened. Meanwhile, the students who were staging the sit-in barricaded the room with desks and chairs.

About an hour later, President Allan arrived and met with the students. He told them that if they did not leave the room he would be forced to call the sheriff. The students stayed, and when deputies arrived, they gave the protesters another chance to evacuate without being arrested. About a dozen decided to take them up on the offer to leave, but eight remained. The eight students were subsequently arrested and charged with unlawful assembly.

While they were awaiting trial, John Nelson had at least a partial change of heart, perhaps encouraged by the administration. On the front page of the November 15 issue of the Thunder Word appeared an open letter of apology, cosigned by Nelson and Allan. The letter read, in part: 鈥淲e regret that this offense was given and that personal feeling or the dignity of any district were injured. It was not the intent of the author of this column to do such injury.鈥� ^[12]

Nelson continued his mea culpa in his 鈥淩antings & Ravings鈥� column in the same issue: 鈥淢y first error was in printing the statement and the second was my lack of sympathy with the position taken by the many responsible students on campus who opposed my stand. I hope now that the situation can be remedied, and although errors in judgment have been made on both sides, I feel it is my duty to act first. I can only add that my actions should have come sooner, avoiding all the problems which have arisen.鈥� ^[13]

His references to 鈥渞esponsible students鈥� 鈥� implying that there were also irresponsible ones who opposed him 鈥� and 鈥渆rrors in judgment … on both sides鈥� imply that he did not necessarily see his own actions as being the most troublesome. And by claiming to act first, he seemed to indicate that he thought that he was taking the moral high ground and that others owed him an apology. Perhaps so; he must certainly have been frightened when a couple dozen students confronted him at the Thunder Word office and told him to resign or get out.

In the meantime, the 新加坡六合彩开奖Board of Trustees held its November meeting. The board commended the administration for eight specific actions in dealing with incidents surrounding the sit-in, including:

• Authorization and establishment of the Afro-American Society as a student organization to speak for its minority group members and those who associate themselves with it and with its operations.
• Vigorous efforts to recruit non-white students from high schools in the area.
• Curricular adjustments and modifications to meet the needs of black students, and the continuing study of such adjustments for minority students. …
• Vigorous and successful effort to expand financial aids to black students.
• Public censure of the editor of the student newspaper for his inappropriate action and prompt apology to persons who may have been injured by the editorial content of the paper. …
• Acting toward the establishment of a Central Area Citizens Advisory Committee to the President.
• ^[14]

According to the White Center News, the board was careful to note that the actions had been taken 鈥渄uring the past several months [emphasis added] in planning for adjustments needed, and in meeting disturbances associated with, the concerns of minority group students and citizens.鈥� ^[15] In other words, readers were to assume that changes were already underway at 新加坡六合彩开奖even before the sit-in. One cannot help but wonder, however, if all of these steps would have been taken without it.

And what of the students who carried out the sit-in? After a brief delay in the trial, as well as the separation of the trial of one student from that of the other seven, they were found guilty. They were given deferred sentences: charges would be dismissed after six months, provided that they did not commit any crimes during that time. ^[16] There is no evidence to indicate that any of the students had further run-ins with the law. Through the use of peaceful civil disobedience, they had made their point and helped to bring about change, change that is still part of the culture at 新加坡六合彩开奖.

Notes

1. Marc Robinson, 鈥�.鈥�

2. .

3. See Fred Olson, 鈥�,鈥� University of Washington Daily, 10 May 1968, pp. 1, 3; and 鈥溾�� pp. 1鈥�2. The opening paragraphs of these articles may be found on 鈥�,鈥� University of Washington, accessed 9 August 2018.

4. Robert Cour, 鈥�,鈥� Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 18 May 1968. The opening paragraphs of this article may be found on 鈥�,鈥� University of Washington, accessed 9 August 2018; and Robert Cour and Fergus Hoffman, , Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 21 May 1968, with article continuing on .

5. See Jim Shahan, 鈥溞录悠铝�合彩开奖Afro-American Society Makes 5 Point Demand,鈥� Federal Way News, 22 May 1968; 鈥淭ext of Dr. Allan鈥檚 Reply,鈥� Federal Way News, 22 May 1968; 鈥淎fro-American 新加坡六合彩开奖Group Tells 5 Demands,鈥� Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 21 May 1968; John DeYounge, 鈥淏lack Student Demands Met at Highline,鈥� Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 22 May 1968; and 鈥淒r. Allan Answers 鈥�5 Demands,鈥欌�� Thunder Word, 5 June 1968, p. 1.

6. All quotations from 鈥淭ext of Dr. Allan鈥檚 Reply.鈥�

7. John De Younge, 鈥淏lack Student Demands Met at Highline,鈥� Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 22 May 1968.

8. 鈥淗oroscope: Nostradomous [sic] Predicts,鈥� Thunder Word, 18 October 1968, p. 3.

9. The following account comes from an article written by Harrison Allen III, 鈥淪it-in Incident: 新加坡六合彩开奖Black Students Express Thier [sic] Views,鈥� published in The Facts, a Central District newspaper, in November 1968. As a result, it is naturally somewhat biased in favor of the Afro-American Union, but it does seem to align with information available from other sources. There does not seem to be a similar summary by John Nelson.

President Allan described the incident in his memoirs, but his account varies somewhat from other evidence. It is likely that he had knowledge and experiences that were not reflected in the newspapers. For example, he describes a visitor who came from the University of San Francisco and made the following demands:

• One-fifth of the faculty and student body to be black.
• A Black Studies program to be introduced as a required sequence.
• Special tutoring for black students.
• No denial of admission because of race.
• Provision of a special lounge open to black students only.

Although this visitor鈥檚 list of demands overlaps with the list in the Afro-American Society鈥檚 letter quoted in the Thunder Word and other local newspapers, there are some clear differences. Allan鈥檚 account continued:

I said I would respond in writing, through the school newspaper, which I did, allowing that some of the demands were reasonable and proper, while others could and would be implemented only in part, and some were unreasonable or illegal or impossible, and I didn鈥檛 intend to waste staff time trying to achieve them.

The student editor published an editorial supporting my views.

Thereupon, the black students, of whom we had a higher number than had the University of Washington, staged a sit-in in the journalism classroom, barricading the door. (From M.A. Pat Allan, 鈥淢emoirs,鈥� p. 255.)

10. Harrison Allen III, 鈥淪it-in Incident: 新加坡六合彩开奖Black Students Express Thier [sic] Views,鈥� The Facts, November 1968.

11. In addition to Harrison Allen III鈥檚 account, cited in notes 9 and 10 above, see 鈥淓ight 新加坡六合彩开奖 Students Arrested Friday,鈥� 新加坡六合彩开奖Times, 6 November 1968.

12. 鈥淎 New Stand on an Unfortunate Occurrence,鈥� Thunder Word, 15 November 1968, p. 1.

13. John Nelson, 鈥淩antings & Ravings,鈥� Thunder Word, 15 November 1968, p. 2.

14. 鈥溞录悠铝�合彩开奖 Trustees Commend 鈥楳inority Crisis鈥� Action by Allan,鈥� White Center News, 27 November 1968, p. 14.

15. 鈥溞录悠铝�合彩开奖 Trustees.鈥�

16. 鈥淪it-In Students Sentencing Delayed,鈥� Des Moines News, 11 December 1968.